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Hello Buddy... so, I have you ever wondered what happened to the population that inhabited the Celtic Island of Britain before the Romans came to invade it?... well, the Celtic Ancient Britain's of the Isle of Britain' (or also called Ynys Prydain) were the ancestors of the present day Welsh' (meaning one who has lived under Roman rule).
After being invaded by the Romans, who sought invasion to capture Britain's Gold and Ore mines, the various tribes that inhabited the island eventually retired from their hard to defend flat plains of central Britain, to the mountainous regions of their Western Peninsular stronghold, the present day Principality of Wales.
The tribes were, eventually, like the rest of Celtic Europe, subjugated by Roman military expansion and occupation. Some of The Great Welsh Tribal Leaders were King Caractacus (Caradog), Queen Boudicca (Boadicea) and King Arthur of The Britain's whose round table legend was actually brought about, by the shape of the remains of a Roman amphitheatre at Caerleon Gwent.
My history notes
500,000 BC Cave dwellers and hunter gatherers occupy the island (which at this time is still connected to the mainland of Europe).The loss of the land link to Europe, which was engulfed be the ocean around 6500 BC,lead the inhabitants to eventually form a fragmented tribal culture for mutual benefit.
1400 BC North Wales tribes export bronze and copper goods to Europe.
1000 BC Blue stone blocks from Pembrokeshire are moved to make Stonehenge religious site. The tribal people now have the knowledge of complex astronomy and mathematics, they value life, creating Cromlech burial chambers to celebrate the life span of the deceased, usually Chieftains. Celtic culture is in emergence and expands.
550 BC Complex hill forts dominate important inhabited areas.
200 BC Nomadic Iberian adventurers settle the island of Britain, joining a flood of Celts, who now settled in even larger numbers while seeking refuge from Roman expansion of Gaul, they now become the main dominant culture on the island.
55 BC Romans who control the Celtic Gaul area of Europe land on Britain in Kent but meet fierce resistance from tribal Celts. They withdraw.
54 BC Romans land and invade Kent area again, in force, starting a full scale invasion and have many successful pitched battles with the Celts. With continuing fierce resistance and a guerrilla campaign waged against them, the Romans withdrew across the channel to Gaul for the winter.
43 AD Romans invade again, but with overwhelming and determined force. The superior tactics and weaponry of the Roman army outmatch the resistance from the Celtic Tribes and gradually they are subdued, resorting to a guerrilla campaign so as to avoid, where possible, an open battle. King Caradog (Caractacus) organises the defence, commanding the Ordovices and Silurian Tribes and he enlists the help of various tribes that inhabit the present day Wales area.
51 AD Caractacus defeated in a pitched battle with Roman army. He escapes but is betrayed by the Brigantes tribe, captured and sent to Rome. He humbles the Roman Emperor and people with his defiance and dignified honesty, they pardon him for his crime of resisting Roman aggression. A great Roman fortress was built at Caerleon on Usk South Wales, as a base to subdue the tribes who still resisted after the loss of their leader, it was attacked many times causing large losses to the Romans, but the fortress also depleted the Britain's fighting strength allowing them to gain the upper hand.
60 AD Queen Boudicca leads a revolt against Roman occupation. Romans attack Druid stronghold of Anglesey island and destroy most of the religious order. Queen Boudicca destroys London while Roman troops are too few to resist and occupied in Anglesey. Romans gather strength and defeat the British in a pitched battle in the midland area. Queen Boudicca commits suicide.
77 AD Romans defeat last organised tribal resistance on the island. Also Romans complete the destruction of the Druid faith by again crossing to the island of Anglesey and slaughtering the remaining priests.
383-484 AD Roman rule ends on the island of Britain. They withdraw back to Italy to defend their shrinking Empire and leave the islanders to defend themselves. The British have no single organised army or dominant King or Queen, so Chieftains assert their own local control. The Roman Empire itself eventually disintegrates under constant attacks and border changes.
The Celtic Irish Known as Scots start to migrate to Britain, leading to Welsh Duke Cunedda retiring to Wales with his army from the North of the Island and the Irish to declare a new country of Scots land (Scotland). Cunedda prevents the Irish Scots tribe from overrunning the entire Island through diplomacy and battle.
490 AD Picts tribe raid from Northern Scotland and Saxons from Germanic areas invade. King Arthur of the Britain's defeat the Saxons in pitched battles, saving Wales from occupation and starting his Legend. North, of Welsh Britain (Lower Scotland) and Welsh Cornwall both separated from Wales become overrun. The present day Welsh language starts to form from Brythonic mixed with Latin.
645 AD Cadwaladr a Local Welsh King of Gwynedd fights English Local King Of Northumbria. The Welsh of lower Scotland are finally forced to leave, leaving the Scots to become a totally dominant culture there.
757 AD King of English Mercia, Offa, builds his defensive earthwork to keep out the Welsh tribes. English tribal borders begin to shape the basis of a new country of England from the Kingdoms of Mercia Northumbria and Wessex.
851 AD Vikings begin raids on the island of Britain from Denmark.
856 AD The Welsh King Rhodri The Great unites the tribes and defeats the raiders, killing
Gorm the Norse leader on Anglesey island. He leads the Welsh until his death fighting the English of Mercia, when Wales was again split into three separate regions each with their own leaders who fight local wars (Although England was invaded to become a Norse - Kingdom living under 'Dane-Law' Wales held its borders and remained a free land).
878 AD King Anarawed (Rhodri's son) continues fighting against the Danes and forms an alliance with the English King Alfred The Great.
Later an army from English Mercia and Wessex, join with a mixed Welsh army including the 'Men of Gwent' to eventually defeat the Danes. However, this lead to the English Kingdom of Wessex to expand and reach the borders of Wales once the Danish threat was over.
1039 AD Gruffed ap LLywelyn (LLywelyn The Great) defeats English King Leofrig of Mercia in battle at Offers Dyke earthworks. The Welsh King then proceeds to attack the other Kingdoms within Wales in an attempt to become the overall King and ruler. Eventually he unites Wales.
1063 AD Harold of Wessex, determined to destroy Welsh military power,launches an invasion of Wales. Harold bribes soldiers close to Welsh King Gruffed ap LLywelyn (LLywelyn The Great), to kill him. They accept and the Welsh Kings head is sent to Harold.
1066 AD The English King (Harold of Wessex) defeat's the Danes in battle, and then turns southward to face the Norman invasion of England where he is killed at Hastings.
1067 AD Norman's invade Gwent South Wales and quickly build a system of Castles for defence, under the leadership of the Knight William Fitzosbern.
1087 AD William the Conqueror dies. His son William Rufus tries to subdue the Welsh with Genocide but fails.
1100 AD His successor Henry I also attempts to subdue the Welsh. The brutal Marcher Lords are created on the Welsh Borders and the Norman fudal system creates increasing Castle numbers.
The native Welsh tribes,who throughout their history had never created permanent towns, withdraw into their mountains, unable to defeat the Norman military.
Norman's encourage immigration of English Anglo Saxons to fill the new towns and the Welsh language begins to be phased out.
1135 AD Henry I dies and England area is engulfed by Civil War. The Marcher Lords side with the Empress Matilda rather than King Stephen.
The Welsh under King Gruffudd ap Cynan, along with his son Owain and son in law Prince Gruffudd ap Rhys, attack the Norman's in the North, after hearing of Hywel ap Maredudd attacks in Breconshire.
Princess Gwellian, wife of Prince Gruffudd ap Rhys and daughter of Gruffudd ap Cynan, leads a small army to face the English, her army is betrayed and surrounded.
The Princess and her small army fight to the death, but she is wounded and captured along with her son Morgan, Maelgwn was killed trying to protect his mother. Princess Gwellian and her also wounded son Morgan are executed by beheading. However, with the South Welsh now also in rebellion, the Normans retreat from most of Welsh lands.
The English King, Stephen, does not have the manpower to fight in Wales, as the English Civil War escalates.
1154 AD Rhys ap Gruffydd aspires to become Welsh King and increases his power in South Wales.
1165 AD Welsh defeat English invasion army (with the help of a violent storm at the time of battle) after uniting under the banners of Rhys ap Gruffydd, Owain Gwynedd and Owain Cyfeiliog.
The three would be Welsh Kings then vied for power and turned on each other. Wales is again divided but regain territories by 1175 after further localised battles.
Tales of King Arthur and Camelot originate from around this period, after the end of Norman occupation and expansion of Welsh culture.
1189 AD Richard the lionheart crowned King of England. LLywelyn (I) increases power in Wales while the English King begins the third Crusade and English forces are depleted.
1199 King John succeeds to English throne. LLywelyn (I) joins the baronial revolt against the English King and wins recognition for Welsh rights in the Magna Carta.
The Welsh King marries King Johns daughter. LLywelyn (I) to avoid English invasion accepts the English Kings ultimate sovereignty allowing Wales to gradually grow in power.
1240 AD LLywelyn (I) dies with no successor after disowning his son for not recognising the English Kings authority and inviting invasion... LLywelyn ap Gruffydd seizes power, calling himself Prince Of Wales, to avoid conflict with the English King. He joins the English Barons in their conflict with King Henry III. King Henry is forced to recognise LLywelyn (II) as Prince of Wales (But not King) in the treaty of Montgomery. LLywelyn (II) would become the only native born Prince of Wales.
Welsh flag
